Helium (He) is different from all of the other elements. Your chemistry work will most likley use molecular hydrogen (H 2) or hydrogen ions (H +, protons). Atomic hydrogen wants to combine with other elements to fill its outer shell. You probably won't find atomic hydrogens floating around by themselves. There is only one electron and one proton. Hydrogen, in its neutral form, does not have a neutron. Hydrogen (H) and helium (He) are special elements. However, because the atomic number for phosphorus is fifteen, the electron configuration is 2-8-5. Phosphorus (P) is also in Group VA which means it also has five electrons in its outer orbital. All of that information tells you there are two electrons in the first orbital and five in the second (2-5). The 'V' is the Roman numeral for five and represents the number of electrons in the outer orbital. How many electrons are in its outer orbital? Nitrogen is in the fifteenth column, labelled 'Group VA'. The atomic number tells you there are seven electrons in a neutral atom of nitrogen. Transition elements add electrons to the second-to-last orbital.įor example, nitrogen (N) has the atomic number seven. There are exceptions to the order when you look at the transition elements, but you get the general idea.
As you keep counting the columns, you'll know how many electrons are in the outer shell. Every element in the second column (group two) has two electrons in the outer shell. They are the electrons involved in chemical bonds with other elements.Įvery element in the first column (group one) has one electron in its outer shell. Those outer electrons are also called valence electrons. The elements in each group have the same number of electrons in the outer orbital. The periodic table also has a special name for its vertical columns. Now you know about periods going left to right. At this time, there is a maximum of seven electron orbitals. As you move down the table, every row adds an orbital. All of the elements in the second row (the second period) have two orbitals for their electrons. For example, every element in the top row (the first period) has one orbital for its electrons. All of the elements in a period have the same number of atomic orbitals. When you look at the periodic table, each row is called a period (Get it? Like PERIODic table.). Magnesium and sodium (Na) also share qualities because the are in the same period (similar electron configurations).Įven though they skip some squares in between, all of the rows read left to right. For example, magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Mg) are found in column two and share certain similarities while potassium (K) and calcium (Ca) from row four share different characteristics. Each row and column has specific characteristics. As with any grid, the periodic table has rows (left to right) and columns (up and down). Each element is placed in a specific location because of its atomic structure. The periodic table is organized like a big grid. Some elements are gases at room temperature. Many periodic tables show the element's normal state of matter at room temperature. The legend or key will explain what different colors mean. On the Table there will be a key or legend. These colors are often used to show which elements are metals, metalloids, or nonmetals. Sometimes the background colors of the squares mean something else. The color of the chemical symbol might mean something, too. For example, potassium's chemical symbol is K. So some of the symbols are tricky to remember. But some elements were first given Greek or Latin names. The letter or letters are the chemical symbol for the element. The atomic number tells how many protons are in the nucleus of the element. It tells the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. You will also see the atomic mass number in each square. You will see the chemical symbol and the element's name. You will see the atomic number of each element. That small square can tell you a lot about its element.
Each element has its own square on the periodic table. The periodic table is a visual way to arrange the elements.
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